Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in developing new approach methodologies (NAMs) for chemical risk assessment employing in vitro, in silico, and in chemico approaches, as well as the strategic use of alternative metabolic model organisms, to uncover the potential adverse effects of chemicals on human health and the environment. In general, these NAMs have been welcomed not least because of a desire, reflected in the wider ethical views of society, to curtail the use of animals for toxicity testing. Additional potential benefits include greater predictive precision, lower testing costs, and faster testing processes. Nonetheless, obstacles remain, for example, in the form of doubts as to the reproducible and predictive capacity of NAMs and the ability of regulatory structures to accommodate these diverse methods.
Download here
